First Scientific Dates Tell Story Of Skomer’s Prehistoric Island Landscape

Archaeologists have obtained the first accurate dates for prehistoric settlement on Skomer Island, Pembrokeshire, a landscape famed for its wildlife and for the survival of its ancient field systems, which are among the best preserved anywhere in Britain.
 
Excavations in 2014 at a prehistoric mound of burnt and fire-cracked stones on north Skomer, once used to boil water for cooking, have produced the first calibrated radiocarbon dates for farming settlement on this renowned island. The mound sealed a land surface dated by charcoal to between 520-458 cal BC, the early Iron Age. A cattle tooth deposited in the cooking mound while it was still in use was dated to between 116-54 cal BC, centred on 85 cal BC, the late Iron Age.

In April 2014 a small team of archaeologists was permitted to open the very first modern excavation trench in the island’s history, to retrieve dating and environmental samples to better understand the long and complex history of prehistoric settlement and farming on Skomer. This followed three years of collaborative, non-invasive research between staff of the Royal Commission, The University of Sheffield and Cardiff University, working closely with the Wildlife Trust of South and West Wales and Cadw.

Burnt mounds accumulated from a particular prehistoric cooking practice, which involved heating stones in a fire and then placing them into a water-filled wooden trough to boil the water. Once the water was boiling it could take around 3 hours to cook a joint of meat, with each successive cooking episode adding more waste burnt stones to the mound. The burnt mounds outside some of the roundhouse groups on Skomer Island are huge, and must have dominated the Iron Age landscape, alongside the conical thatched roofs of the houses.

Dr Toby Driver of the Royal Commission, Aberystwyth, explained:
‘Skomer is a fragile protected landscape, and our archaeological research to date has focussed on non-invasive investigation of the prehistoric fields and settlements. This has included new aerial photography, airborne laser scanning, ground geophysics and walkover surveys. Already we have discovered previously unknown Neolithic and Bronze Age ritual stone settings, and demonstrated that the field systems may date back to at least the later Bronze Age.’

 ‘But despite half a century of modern archaeological interest, we still had no scientific dates for the roundhouses and fields on Skomer. It was decided to target a prehistoric burnt mound or cooking mound of fire-cracked stones, which stands immediately outside one of the paired roundhouses. This mound built up from numerous cooking episodes in the adjacent house. Our excavation discovered a cattle tooth from within the mound of stones, which has now been radiocarbon dated to the late Iron Age. Beneath the mound we found a sealed land surface containing Neolithic or Bronze Age worked flint tools. A second radiocarbon date from blackthorn charcoal in the upper soil layers gave a an early Iron Age date, possibly from burning and clearance on the land, which showed our burnt mound and the houses it belongs to arrived after the early Iron Age. Both dates are accurate to within 62 years.’

‘These new dates confirm pre-Roman settlement on Skomer. Even so, the burnt mound covers a substantial earlier field wall showing that the island was already well settled and farmed in previous centuries.’

Find out more online

Photographs, maps and plans can be seen online at the Royal Commission’s online database www.coflein.gov.uk . Search for ‘Skomer’ to see all records, or ‘Skomer hut group 8’ to see a selection of the 2014 excavation photographs.

Direct link: http://www.coflein.gov.uk/en/site/420196/details/SKOMER+ISLAND+HUT+GROUP+8/

Links to related BBC news stories: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-south-west-wales-17644413

More about the Skomer Island archaeological project

Skomer is a highly protected landscape famous for its puffins and other breeding seabirds, but it is also home to some of the best preserved prehistoric field systems and hut settlements anywhere in Britain. In 2011 the Royal Commission used airborne laser scanning (LiDAR) to comprehensively map the island’s field systems. This work discovered evidence for a longer chronology to the fields than had previously been thought. The Skomer Island Project built on this work in 2012 with the first use of geophysics on the island, which showed that unrecorded prehistoric fields and settlements survive beneath the modern fields in the centre of the island.

The Skomer Island Project team, Louise Barker and Dr Toby Driver (Royal Commission), Dr Bob Johnston (University of Sheffield) and Dr Oliver Davis (Cardiff University) would like to thank the Skomer Island Wardens, the Wildlife Trust of South and West Wales and Natural Resources Wales for accommodating the archaeological work and granting permission to work in a Site of Special Scientific Interest. They are also grateful to Cadw for Scheduled Monument Consent which allowed the work to proceed.

Appendix: the radiocarbon dates

SKOMER ISLAND
SUERC-54181 (GU34955)
Context: 107, charcoal derived from buried soil layer beneath burnt mound
Material: Prunus cf. Spinosa (probable blackthorn)
Radiocarbon age: 2439 ± 30 BP (before 1950 AD)
Calibrated date (95.4& probability): 519-459 cal. BC
SUERC-55129 (GU34956)
Context: 108, Find 24. Cattle tooth deposited in upper layers of burnt mound
Material: Cattle tooth: Cattle
Radiocarbon age: 2035 ± 31 BP (before 1950 AD)
Calibrated date (95.4& probability): 116-54 cal. BC

Recording the excavation trench through a cooking mound of burnt stones on Skomer Island. The exposed stone wall of the Iron Age roundhouse can be seen at the end of the trench.
Crown Copyright RCAHMW, DS2014_354_018

The Skomer Island Project team (L-R), Dr Oliver Davis (Cardiff University), Louise Barker (RCAHMW), Dr Bob Johnston (University of Sheffield), Dr Toby Driver (RCAHMW).
Crown Copyright RCAHMW, DS2014_354_006

Skomer Island. A 3D view of the prehistoric field systems (in red) overlying a terrain model generated from airborne laser scanning or LiDAR.
Crown Copyright. Environment Agency. All Rights Reserved. View generated by RCAHMW, Crown Copyright RCAHMW. LD2012_02_01

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News from our Community Archaeologists: The CAER Heritage Project

Kimberly and I have been extremely busy over the past few weeks so we thought it was time to update you on some of our recent activities.

We have been working with the CAER Heritage Project (Caerau and Ely Rediscovering Heritage Project) in West Cardiff.  Archaeologists from Cardiff University are working with Ely and Caerau Communities First, local residents and schools to explore the history and archaeology of the area.  The project runs all kinds of activities, and we were fortunate enough to be involved with a guided walk around the magnificent Caerau Iron Age hillfort, which forms the focus of many of the activities.

Guided walk led by Oliver Davies of Cardiff University showing the community archaeologists and members of the local community around the hill fort.

Kimberly and I also helped with the CAER project exhibition and I helped out on the day with the stand at the Peace75 Festival held at the Temple of Peace in Cardiff to celebrate its 75th anniversary.  This was a great event, I spoke with lots of people about the project, asking them to consider the debate about whether hillforts were places where people came together to show their community identities or whether they were defensive structures, and I had a fun time designing Iron Age tribal symbols with children, and writing ‘postcards to the Iron Age’ asking what life was like back then.

Sarahjayne explaining about the CAER project.

Sarahjayne working with children to create Iron Age tribal symbols and ‘postcards to the past’

As part of our time with the project we also attended the Engage Conference  in Bristol, which was focussed on public engagement and partnerships.  Here we helped facilitate a workshop on the creation of funding bids.  Our placement with the Commission has provided us with many training opportunities and I have recently completed courses on project planning and ‘building effective relationships’.

Engage Conference

There are also lots more activities to report, including a session I set up for the Young Archaeologists Club in Swansea with Swansea Metal Detecting Club, who came to talk about responsible metal detecting and how this works within Archaeology.
 

Sarahjayne with Mike Davies and members of YAC looking at Mike’s collection and asking lots of questions!

The Young Archaeologists learning how to use metal detectors

Finally, we have been organising a workshop event for Pembrokeshire College Welsh Baccalaureate students as part of our joint shipwrecks project with CADW on the Charles Holmes and the Great Gale of 1859. This is due to take place in January, and we will let you know how it goes.

By S. Clements


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Castell Grogwynion … Fort of the white … Ceramics?

The Early Mines Research Group supported by Sarahjayne Clements, CBA bursary holder, RCAHMW, and Keith Haylock, PHD Researcher, Geography Department, University of Aberystwyth, excavating Castell Grogwynion Hillfort.

A small excavation was undertaken at the Iron Age hillfort Castell Grogwynion last week in an attempt to identify a potential Iron Age metal working site located on the northern terrace of the fort. Early mines are fairly elusive archaeologically and searching for them has been the focus of over twenty years’ research by the Early Mines Research Group. Evidence of Iron Age metal working is particularly rare in Ceredigion, despite the importance raw materials evidently held for Iron Age material culture.

Aerial Photograph of the Iron Age hillfort, Castell Grogwynion.

The excavation at Castell Grogwynion was the conclusion of a series of surveys conducted on three north Ceredigion hillforts, Castell Grogwynion, Darren Camp and Pen Dinas, for a research project by Keith Haylock at the Institute for Geography and Earth Sciences (IGES), Aberystwth University, in collaboration with The Royal Commission, and with permission from Cadw.

Using a special portable X-ray Fluorescence (pXRF) ‘gun’ Keith can find out what metals are present in the soils of the hillfort, with the aim of finding high concentrations of prehistoric metal working evidence. This equipment has revolutionised non-destructive archaeological identification of early mine areas, through the detection of metal slag and smelting activities.

Keith Haylock, operating pXRF survey.

The results of the Geophysical Survey taken in 2012. Areas of interest are highlighted with red, 1 = the area excavated.

Out of the three hillforts surveyed only Castell Grogwynion, in English “The fort of the white pebbles”, demonstrated high lead readings, which were focused on the terrace. Geophysical survey in 2012 by ArchaeoPhysica LTD further confirmed this concentration.

To test the nature and date of the lead concentration, Dr Simon Timberlake and the Early Mines Research Group, carried out a limited excavation on the terrace at Castell Grogwynion in early October.

The Early Mines Research Group excavating.

Some of the seventeenth or eighteenth-century pottery recovered at Castell Grogwynion.

Rather than an Iron Age smelting site, far more recent evidence of seventeenth or eighteenth-century lazy-bed cultivation was discovered with lead-glazed pottery and other domestic rubbish tipped into the soil. These findings confirmed that a nearby platform and cultivation terraces within the hillfort, first identified by Louise Barker during the new Royal Commission survey, were indeed the remains of a post-medieval upland cottage settlement.

Post Excavation Analysis.

Post medieval cottage settlements are fairly common in the Welsh landscape, however the structural evidence is rarely accompanied by any artifactual remains. Although Iron Age finds were limited to a single sling shot, it was exciting to discover the sheer quantity of pottery uncovered through the excavation, surprising in such a remote location. Further scanning the pottery with the XRF gun revealed the cause of the initial high metallic reading: the glazing of the pottery contained an unusually high lead content.  The leaching of the lead glaze into the soil was hypothesised to have been the most likely cause of the high metallic readings. The discovery of this pottery demonstrated the importance of XRF for archaeological survey ― it can detect vital and less structural remains including spoil heaps and rubbish dumps, where the most significant artifactual data is often recovered.

All in all it was great to be part of this excavation and watch the story of the Iron Age hillfort unfold and exciting to be part of such important research into the varied uses of new and powerful forms of archaeological remote sensing.
 

Kimberly Briscoe and Sarahjayne CBA Community Bursary Holders, RCAHMW, Castell Grogwynion.

By Kimberly Briscoe, Community Archaeology Placement Holder.


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Welsh drought brings Roman and Iron Age aerial discoveries across the country

Figure 1. A tip-off from a Roman expert studying coin finds in central Wales led to this stunning discovery of a previously unrecorded Roman fort complex, showing as fading cropmarks in fields of wheat near Brecon, Powys (Crown Copyright RCAHMW, 1st August 2013).

The long spell of hot summer weather across Wales has left aerial archaeologists reflecting on some of their most significant discoveries since 2006. A previously unrecorded Roman fort, a Roman marching camp and scores of Iron Age farmsteads and forts have been discovered by the Royal Commission as parched grassland and ripening fields of wheat showed the locations of long-lost monuments. Aerial surveys over Cardiff and Pembroke Castles revealed parchmarks of lost buildings inside these well-visited attractions, while discoveries were made from Wrexham to Pwllheli, and from Haverfordwest to Chepstow.

Aerial archaeologist Dr Toby Driver from the Royal Commission carefully targeted reconnaissance flights in a light aircraft to where the drought conditions were most severe across the length and breadth of Wales. When cropmarks show in drought conditions, the Royal Commission’s aerial survey programme only has a few weeks to record the sites before rain or harvest removes them.

By far the most significant discoveries for Wales have been from the Roman period with a major Roman fort complex discovered near Brecon, and a Roman marching camp discovered near Caerwent Roman town. The Roman fort near Brecon is a rare discovery for Wales and was made following a tip-off from Roman scholar Dr Jeffrey L. Davies, who has worked with Toby on the Abermagwr Roman villa excavations. Toby explained:

‘Jeffrey Davies noticed an anomaly in Roman coin finds near Brecon, reported under the Portable Antiquities Scheme (PAS). He had a hunch that the coins, of the Emperor Claudius, could indicate a lost early Roman fort, and passed a grid reference to me the day before a flight into central Wales. I couldn’t believe my eyes when the pilot and I approached the location and saw fading cropmarks of a major Roman fort complex, lost beneath fields and a road for nearly 2,000 years.’

Other discoveries were made near Caerwent Roman town in south Wales, famously the market town of the Celtic Silures. Toby explained: ‘Close to Caerwent we discovered only the second Roman marching camp in Monmouthshire. These were overnight camps built by Roman soldiers on campaign in hostile territory. Because the campaigns against the tenacious Silures were documented by Roman historians, we expect more camps in south-east Wales than we currently know about. This new camp between Caerwent and Chepstow seems to show a small expeditionary force on manoeuvres, perhaps in the years around AD 50. West of Caerwent we found a remarkable ‘native’ Iron Age settlement. Given the decades of aerial survey in the region around Caerwent, these surprise discoveries show the continuing need for aerial archaeology in Wales.’

Figure 2. A rare discovery: only the second Roman marching camp in Monmouthshire, found between Caerwent and Chepstow, provides new evidence for the famous Roman campaigns against the Silures of south-east Wales. The characteristic ‘playing card’ shape of the camp shows as a cropmark in a ripening field of wheat, and an adjacent field of parched grass (Crown Copyright RCAHMW, 22nd July 2013).

Other discoveries made in the drought include one of the largest and most complex Iron Age defended farms in Pembrokeshire, on Conkland Hill, Wiston, as well as scores of newly recorded Iron Age farms and forts across south Pembrokeshire and in the Vale of Glamorgan, with two discovered close to the well-known Roman villa at Caermead, Llantwit Major. The archival work for the Royal Commission now begins, to catalogue and map the many discoveries and make the information more widely available to the public on its online database www.coflein.gov.uk


Learn more about aerial archaeology in Wales from the recent Royal Commission publication ‘Cymru Hanesyddol o'r Awyr / Historic Wales From the Air’ (RCAHMW 2012, £19.95) Dr Toby Driver, RCAHMW

How ‘cropmarks’  show lost archaeological sites

‘Cropmarks’ are revealed when grass and arable crops are put under drought stress, and they respond to subtle differences in moisture in the subsoil. Where crops are growing over the buried ditches of lost hillforts or prehistoric farms dark green lines form in fields; conversely buried stonework of lost buildings or old roads form yellow lines in grass and crops. These cropmarks can be seen most clearly from the air, but have to be photographed in a short time window before rain or harvest makes them disappear.
 

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Penparcau Summer Fête, 13 July 2013

Pen Dinas Hill-fort, Aberystwyth.

As part of this year’s Festival of British Archaeology events, on the same day as the guided walk to the iron-age fort, Pen Dinas, by Dr Toby Driver on Saturday 13 July, the Royal Commission will also be attending Llwyn yr Eos School summer fête. The school is located next to Neuadd Goffa, Penparcau, where the walk will finish. The fête has been organised to celebrate the sixtieth anniversary of the primary school, Ysgol Llwyn yr Eos, and the day will run from 12pm until 9pm. Events will include displays by the historical re-enactment group, Normannis, a dog show, street dance, boxing and sparring, choirs, and much more. The Royal Commission will be running a range of exciting children’s activities throughout the day, including an intriguing activity involving copies of the modern and historic maps of Aberystwyth held by the Royal Commission and a programmable motorised bug called Bee-Bot! Please come along to discover more.

For further information please contact Nicola Roberts, Telephone: 01970 621248, or the Penparcau Community Forum, Telephone: 01970 611099.

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The Western Brecon Beacons: The Archaeology of Mynydd Du and Fforest Fawr

The Western Brecon Beacons: The Archaeology of Mynydd Du and Fforest Fawr gan David K. Leighton. ISBN 978-1-871184-43-3, 180tt, £14.95 neu £13.50 i Cyfeillion

 “Y Mynydd Du. Fy Nghartre’ Ysbrydol. Mae yn fy enaid.” Roy Noble

Mae arolwg newydd wedi datgelu hanes rhan allweddol o uwchdiroedd Cymru yn ne canolbarth Cymru. Mae rhan orllewinol Bannau Brycheiniog yn ymestyn o Dalsarn yn y gogledd i Benderyn yn y de, ac o Frynaman yn y gorllewin i Heol Senni yn y dwyrain. Yn y 270 o gilometrau sgwâr o dir sy’n ffurfio uwchdiroedd y Mynydd Du a Fforest Fawr ceir olion archaeolegol gwych yn ymwneud ag anheddu, ffermio, claddu, defodau a diwydiant sy’n rhychwantu sawl mileniwm ac sy’n taflu goleuni hynod o bwysig ar sut y bu i genedlaethau o bobl oroesi yn y dirwedd ddi-ildio hon.

Mae cyhoeddiad y Comisiwn Brenhinol, The Western Brecon Beacons: The Archaeology of Mynydd Du and Fforest Fawr gan David Leighton, gyda rhagair gan Roy Noble, cyflwynydd gyda BBC Radio Wales, yn cynnwys mapiau manwl a delweddau o’r dirwedd fynyddig a gweundirol, trysorfa archaeolegol sy’n dangos tystiolaeth o weithgarwch dynol ers diwedd Oes yr Iâ. Y llyfr hwn yw’r diweddaraf yng nghyfres y Comisiwn Brenhinol, Discovering Upland Heritage, sy’n seiliedig ar waith maes ac ymchwil helaeth.

Uwchdiroedd yw rhan sylweddol o dirwedd Cymru. Gall hanner y tir gael ei ddosbarthu’n uwchdirol naill ai oherwydd ei uchder, 800 troedfedd neu 244 metr uwchben lefel y môr, neu oherwydd natur y topograffi. Ond, mor hwyr â’r 1970au, credai pobl yn gyfeiliornus nad oedd dyn wedi gwneud defnydd dwys o fynyddoedd a gweundiroedd Cymru uwchdirol. Mae blynyddoedd o waith maes trylwyr, drwy Fenter Archaeoleg yr Uwchdiroedd y Comisiwn Brenhinol, wedi datgelu cyfoeth archaeolegol yr amgylcheddau hyn o’r diwedd. Sefydlwyd y prosiect oherwydd bygythiadau posibl oddi wrth goedwigaeth, chwarela a thrawsnewid gweundir gyda’r nod dechreuol o gofnodi nodweddion archaeolegol fel rhan o’r broses gynllunio.

Y Comisiwn Brenhinol, a sefydlwyd ym 1908, yw’r corff arolygu a chofnodi cenedlaethol ar gyfer archaeoleg ac adeiladau Cymru. Mae’n gyfrifol am Gofnod Henebion Cenedlaethol Cymru, sef yr archif gweledol mwyaf yn y wlad, gyda thros 2 filiwn o ffotograffau a 125,000 o luniadau yn ogystal â llawer o gofnodion eraill.

Deellir y dirwedd yn well erbyn heddiw. Mae’n adrodd hanes pwysigrwydd economaidd yr uwchdiroedd hyn drwy’r newidiadau parhaus mewn amodau cymdeithasol, economaidd a hinsoddol a effeithiodd ar y bobl a fu’n byw yno. O dystiolaeth o symudiadau rhewlifol i gladdfeydd o’r Oes Efydd, ac o ffermydd cwningod mawr i amddiffynfeydd rhag tanciau yn yr Ail Ryfel Byd, mae’r rhanbarth uwchdirol hwn yn cynnig golwg hynod ddiddorol ar genedl a oedd yn esblygu’n barhaus.

Dywed Roy Noble yn ei ragair, “Aberdâr yw fy nghartref bellach, felly rydw i’n dal i fyw i’r gorllewin o’r A470, yr ardal y mae’r llyfr hwn yn ymdrin â hi. Daearyddiaeth oedd fy mhwnc yn y coleg, a hanes yw fy ngwir ddiddordeb, ond synnwyr o le a’r chwedlau sydd ynghlwm wrtho yw’r hyn sy’n tanio fy nychymyg. Mae egni dwfn y lle hwn yn rhoi bywyd arbennig iddo. Mae’n maglu ei feibion a’i ferched.Mae yna gymaint o chwedlau a negeseuon o’r ardal nodedig a chysegredig hon, rhai’n fytholegol, rhai’n hanesyddol, rhai’n hollol bersonol. Mae’r cyfan yn pwysleisio’r symudiad dynol neu’r gweithgarwch llwythol yr ydw i’n ei gysylltu â’r gweundir lledrithiol hwn.”

Gall Cyfeillion brynu copi o’r llyfr hwn gan y Comisiwn Brenhinol am y pris gostyngedig arbennig o £13.50 yn unig gan gynnwys cludiant (yn y DU yn unig) drwy ffonio 01970 621200 neu drwy ein gwefan. Byddwch cystal â nodi ‘Cyfeillion y Comisiwn Brenhinol’ pan roddwch eich archeb.



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Gwneud Arolwg o Gaerau Cynhanesyddol yn Solfach, Sir Benfro

Golwg o’r Awyr o Gaer Bentir Gribin, NPRN: 94269, AP_2006_3342

Yr wythnos ddiwethaf, bu Louise Barker, un o ymchwilwyr y Comisiwn Brenhinol, a Sophie Gingell, sydd ar Leoliad Hyfforddi fel Archaeolegydd Cymunedol dan nawdd Cyngor Archaeoleg Prydain, yn gwneud arolwg archaeolegol o ddwy gaer gynhanesyddol yn Solfach, ger Tyddewi yn sir Benfro. Mae’r ddwy gaer, sy’n dyddio o’r Oes Haearn mae’n debyg, wedi’u lleoli ar gefnen greigiog gul o’r enw Gribin sy’n edrych dros harbwr Solfach. Mewn gwirionedd, mae yna dair caer gynhanesyddol ar y gefnen hon, i gyd o fewn 900m i’w gilydd (SM82SW). Cafodd yr arolygon archaeolegol eu cynnal ar ôl derbyn cais gan Peter Crane, archaeolegydd Parc Cenedlaethol Arfordir Penfro. Y safle cyntaf a arolygwyd oedd y gaer bentir ym mhen y gefnen, safle adnabyddus y cliriwyd y llystyfiant ohono’n ddiweddar. Ar y llaw arall, nid yw’r ail gaer a arolygwyd, sy’n 500m i’r Gogledd-Ddwyrain, erioed wedi cael ei chofnodi na’i dogfennu yng Nghofnod yr Amgylchedd Hanesyddol, felly mae hwn yn ddarganfyddiad newydd a chyffrous. Mae’r llystyfiant wedi’i glirio bellach, ac mae nodweddion y gaer gefnen hon i’w gweld yn glir. Yn eu plith ceir rhagfur gogleddol a llwyfannau cytiau niferus sy’n agos iawn at ei gilydd.

Golwg o’r Awyr o Gaer Bentir Gribin, NPRN: 410450, AP_2006_3342

Mae’r ddau safle wedi’u lleoli ar dir yr Ymddiriedolaeth Genedlaethol ac mae cerddwyr sy’n dymuno darganfod yr ardal yn gallu eu cyrraedd yn hawdd. Bydd canlyniadau’r arolygon hyn ar gael drwy Coflein cyn bo hir, a bydd yr arolwg o’r gaer sydd newydd ei chofnodi yn cael ei anfon i’r Arolwg Ordnans hefyd fel y gall gynnwys y safle ar ei fapiau. Hoffem ddiolch i’r Ymddiriedolaeth Genedlaethol am roi caniatâd i wneud y gwaith.

Defnyddio cyfarpar System Lleoli Byd-Eang (GPS) i wneud arolwg

Gwybodaeth bellach:

Manylion y safle ar Coflein:
Caer bentir Gribin
Caer gefnen Gribin
Lloc amddiffynnol Gribin



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